O salário líquido de um deputado: 50% a mais do que ganha um professor primário

 

Para viver em um país que tem um dos mais elevados custos de vida do mundo, e onde se paga um dos mais altos impostos do planeta, um deputado do Parlamento sueco recebe o equivalente a cerca de 21 mil reais por mês (em taxa cambial de agosto de 2013). Descontados os impostos, o deputado recebe em sua conta um salário que corresponde, em valores líquidos, a cerca de 50 por cento a mais do que ganha em média um professor primário na Suécia após os descontos fiscais.
O valor bruto do salário de um deputado do Parlamento sueco é comparável ao de um médico do sistema público de saúde, que recebe em média 54,9 mil coroas suecas ao mês (cerca de 8,8 mil dólares). Segundo os números da Agência Central de Estatísticas da Suécia (Statistiska Centralbyrån), o salário médio de um cidadão sueco é de 35,8 mil coroas (cerca de 5,4 mil dólares). Um professor primário ganha em média 26,5 mil (cerca de 4 mil dólares). Uma enfermeira, 32,2 mil (cerca de cinco mil dólares). Um policial recebe em média 30,5 mil (4,6 mil dólares), e um juiz, 45,1 mil coroas (cerca de 7 mil dólares).
Um deputado ganha quase o dobro do que recebe um professor primário – mas no sistema escalonado de impostos que vigora na Suécia, ele paga impostos mais altos sobre o salário. Em coroas suecas, o contra-cheque de um deputado é de 58,3 mil por mês (cerca de 9 mil dólares). Uma vez descontados os impostos, o salário líquido do deputado fica em cerca de 35,2 mil coroas (aproximadamente 5,3 mil dólares). Já um professor primário, que paga uma carga tributária menor, recebe em média um salário líquido de cerca de 18,3 mil coroas suecas (cerca de 2,8 mil dólares). Ou seja, aproximadamente a metade do que recebe um parlamentar.
Com suas 35 mil coroas no bolso, um deputado sueco pode se considerar razoavelmente próspero, e é conveniente que se sinta plenamente realizado. Pois benefícios extras como os defuntos auxílios-paletó do Brasil, ou gratificações, abonos de permanência, adicionais de insalubridade, prêmios, verbas de representação e penduricalhos do gênero não estarão aumentando os zeros em sua conta bancária.
Se um deputado tem sua base eleitoral fora da capital, o que ele pode solicitar é o chamado traktament, uma ajuda de custo para os dias da semana em que trabalha em Estocolmo. O valor desta diária, paga estritamente aos parlamentares que não têm residência permanente na capital, é de 110 coroas suecas (cerca de 16,8 dólares, ou 38 reais).
Uma rápida checagem nas tabelas de preço de Estocolmo dá uma noção do que se compra na capital com 110 coroas suecas na carteira: um café com três ou quatro bullar (os tradicionais pães doces suecos que acompanham o café), ou uma pizza com refrigerante, ou dois maços de cigarro, ou um tradicional prato de köttbullar, as almôndegas suecas servidas com geléia de arandos vermelhos e purê de batata. Nos pequenos restaurantes populares que servem almoço na cidade, um prato executivo sai em média por 90 coroas suecas (cerca de 14 dólares).
Mas para parte considerável dos cidadãos que pagam o salário dos deputados, através do dinheiro de seus impostos, o contra-cheque dos parlamentares ainda é alto demais.
”Por que um deputado tem que ganhar muito mais do que um professor?”, pergunta Monika Karlsson, funcionária da creche que funciona dentro do Parlamento.
Ou, como diria o motorista de táxi do aeroporto de Arlanda: ”Está bom, mas pode ficar melhor”.
No momento iluminado, os deputados do Partido da Esquerda (Vänsterpartiet, ex-comunista) fizeram o mesmo raciocínio da Monika da creche: chegaram à conclusão de que o salário dos deputados na Suécia desafiava o limite do bom senso e do insuportável. Resolveram tomar uma atitude.
No congresso partidário de janeiro de 2012, decidiram que todos os deputados do Vänsterpartiet deveriam obrigatoriamente destinar parte dos seus salários ao partido, a fim de financiar atividades partidárias. Desde então, quando chega o contra-cheque salarial de 58,3 mil coroas suecas, seus deputados ficam com apenas 27,5 mil (cerca de 4,2 mil dólares).
”Para o Vänsterpartiet, é importante o princípio de que ninguém deve enriquecer no exercício da função política. Um político não deve ganhar salários muito maiores do que o de um trabalhador comum”, refletiu a liderança do partido na cidade de Norrköping (leste da Suécia), na página de opinião do jornal Norrköpings Tidningar.
”Estamos na política para promover mudanças na sociedade, e não para enriquecer e fazer carreiras (…) Esperamos que outros partidos políticos tenham coragem suficiente para seguir nosso exemplo”, completou o texto, assinado por Niclas Lundström, Linda Snecker e Per Gawelund.  (Fonte: ”Politikerna har för höga löner”, jornal Norrköpings Tidningar, 14/01/2012)
Se o corte salarial provocar o surgimento de pedras nos rins de alguns parlamentarares do Vänsterpartiet, basta lembrar que, até 1957, os deputados do Parlamento sueco não recebiam sequer salário. A decisão de introduzir o pagamento de salário aos parlamentares foi tomada, segundo os arquivos do Parlamento, após chegar-se à conclusão de que nenhum cidadão deveria ser ”impedido de tornar-se um deputado por razões econômicas”.  Mas o valor do salário não deveria ”ser alto a ponto de se tornar economicamente atraente”. (fonte: ”Riksdagsarvodet – Betänkande av den av riksdagens förvaltningsstyrelse utsedde särskilde utredaren”, Estocolmo, 1998, Parlamento sueco)
”Até pouco tempo atrás, os deputados da Suécia eram sustentados apenas pelos membros de seu partido, e não pelo Estado. Um salário oficial foi então introduzido, mas apenas para os meses do ano em que o Parlamento realizava sessões”, diz Daniel Tarschys, ex-deputado e atual professor de Ciências Políticas da Universidade de Estocolmo.
 
Era um salário baixo, lembra Tarschys.
 
”Quando fui eleito para o Parlamento em 1976, os dois meses de recesso parlamentar não eram pagos, pois presumia-se que neste período os deputados voltariam a trabalhar em tempo integral em seus empregos normais. Como o salário parlamentar era muito baixo, funcionários públicos e também de empresas privadas, que exerciam em paralelo a função de deputados no Parlamento, chegavam a receber uma pequena verba suplementar dos empregadores”, conta Tarschys.
 
Só a partir de 1984, segundo os documentos do Parlamento, os deputados passaram a receber salário mensal para desempenhar a função política em tempo integral.
 
”Na época, o valor da remuneração de um deputado correspondia ao salário médio de um funcionário público. Este valor aumentou gradualmente, e hoje equivale ao salário de um funcionário público de nível sênior, mas não do nível máximo na hierarquia”, observa o cientista político.
 
Deputados suecos ganham mais do a média dos cidadãos, mas menos do que recebe a maior parte dos parlamentares de países da União Européia. Ministros recebem 118 mil coroas mensais (cerca de18 mil dólares). O Presidente do Parlamento recebe por sua função o mesmo valor do salário do Primeiro-Ministro, de 148 mil coroas por mês (aproximadamente 22,6 mil dólares) – o que equivale a cerca de 70 por cento do que ganha o premier da Grã-Bretanha, e aproximadamente a metade do salário do presidente dos Estados Unidos.
Há quem pondere que baixos salários não atraem as mentes mais brilhantes para a política. Para alguns, um salário baixo também traz o risco de que a função política se torne um playground para os mais ricos. O diplomata sueco Hans Blix prega o caminho do meio: um salário ”razoavelmente bom” para os representantes políticos.
”O equiíbrio é necessário.  É não pagar demais, nem de menos. Se você paga salários altos e ainda por cima garante imunidade parlamentar, a carreira política passa a atrair o tipo errado de pessoa. Se paga pouco, pode desestimular pessoas capazes a entrar na política. O importante é que os políticos compreendam que são servidores públicos, e que é o dinheiro público que os alimenta”, diz Blix.
Já outros discordam integralmente da tese de que melhores salários atraem seres vertebrados para a política, e, portanto, políticos mais aptos:
”Eu diria que nunca vi, em nenhum lugar do mundo, um sistema que atraia mentes brilhantes para a política”, me diz o cientista político Rune Premförs, da Universidade de Estocolmo.
 

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