– Jon Johnsson, subprefeito de um dos distritos de Estocolmo, sobre se o cargo lhe confere direito a salário, secretária, assistentes ou carro oficial
Como faria um político sueco, decido pegar um trem para o subúrbio de Skärholmen, a fim de encontrar o subprefeito local. Para administrar seus condados e municípios, a Suécia adota, como os demais países nórdicos, um sistema altamente descentralizado. O município de Estocolmo é dividido em 14 distritos, responsáveis pelos serviços municipais em suas respectivas áreas geográficas. A maior parte da verba do município – 75 por cento – é repassada diretamente a esses distritos. Cada distrito tem um Conselho Distrital (Stadsdelsnämden) formado por políticos de diferentes partidos, que são nomeados pela Câmara Municipal de Estocolmo.
O subprefeito Jon Johnsson, que na nomenclatura sueca ocupa o cargo de presidente do Conselho Distrital de Skärholmen, marcou a entrevista para o final da tarde de uma quinta-feira. Teria que ser um final de tarde, porque é quando ele encerra o expediente como diretor de uma escola primária. E teria que ser uma quinta-feira, pois é o único dia da semana em que ele pode usar uma sala no prédio da administração pública do distrito, normalmente ocupada por uma funcionária pública.
Ao subir no trem, recebo uma mensagem de texto no celular: o subprefeito avisa que está dentro do ônibus, preso no engarrafamento da hora do rush, e pede desculpas antecipadas porque imagina que chegará dez minutos atrasado. Aproveito o tempo para circular pela vizinhança de Skärholmen, que concentra uma alta população de imigrantes. No ginásio público de esportes, vários moradores nadam, praticam esportes e se exercitam nas instalações limpas e bem conservadas.
Skärholmen tem 34 mil habitantes e um orçamento invejável: a cada ano, o distrito recebe da Prefeitura 986 milhões de coroas suecas, o equivalente a cerca de 99 milhões de euros. Mas nenhum luxo cerca o presidente do Conselho Distrital.
A sala emprestada que Jon Johnsson usa tem dez metros quadrados. Ao abrir a porta, Jon me oferece um copo de água da bica, que na Suécia é potável. E conta que achou fascinante viver no Brasil em 1981, quando o pai trabalhou para a empresa sueca Ericsson no Rio de Janeiro e em Campinas.
”Lembro que tínhamos uma faxineira lá uma vez por semana. Mas a minha mãe sempre adiantava a limpeza da casa um dia antes de a diarista chegar, porque não achava certo que alguém tivesse que limpar a nossa sujeira”, diz Johnsson.
Com risos quase histéricos, ele responde à minha pergunta sobre se o cargo de presidente do Conselho Distrital lhe confere direito a salário, secretária, assistentes ou um improvável carro com motorista.
”Não, não, não!”, exalta-se Johnsson, que desde 2006 ocupa o cargo. Ele diz que, como vai de ônibus todos os dias para o trabalho, usa o salário que recebe como diretor de escola para comprar o cartão anual que dá direito a usar os transportes públicos. Fala que também paga para comer com o próprio salário de diretor de escola. E que ”não há nada que os eleitores suecos odeiam mais do que políticos que tentam se beneficiar de suas posições de poder”:
”Não quero ser descortês, mas penso que sistemas que concedem certos benefícios aos políticos são perigosos. Porque transformam políticos em uma espécie de classe superior, que não sabe como vivem os cidadãos comuns. E se um político não vivencia as mesmas condições de vida de seus eleitores, ele não pode saber o que precisa ser mudado”, raciocina Johnsson.
”Se eu vivesse em algum palácio e circulasse num carro com motorista, eu definitivamente não saberia o que está certo ou o que precisa ser reformado na sociedade em que vivo. Também não tenho nenhum desejo de ser uma pessoa acima de outras pessoas”, acrescenta ele.
Johnsson preside as atividades dos 26 conselheiros do distrito de Skärholmen, que se reúnem duas vezes por mês – sempre no final do dia, após o trabalho, das 6 da tarde às 8 da noite. Na primeira reunião do mês, o Conselho toma decisões sobre diferentes assuntos, como a distribuição de verbas para as escolas primárias. A reunião, aberta ao público, é realizada no auditório da sede da administração pública de Skärholmen.
”Todos os cidadãos interessados em participar das decisões são bem-vindos, e a primeira hora da reunião é sempre reservada ao público, que pode opinar e fazer perguntas”, diz Jon Johnsson.
A segunda reunião do mês é feita com as autoridades da administração pública local, que implementam as determinações do Conselho.
”Além disso, é claro, sou convidado por diferentes grupos locais para encontros e discussões, que acontecem à noite. São geralmente dois ou três encontros por semana. Gasto também um bom tempo respondendo a emails e telefonemas de pessoas que desejam obter informações sobre diversos assuntos”.
Assim como os vereadores, os conselheiros distritais recebem apenas uma gratificação pelo trabalho político. Dos 26 conselheiros, 11 participam do Conselho como suplentes e recebem o equivalente a 150 euros por mês, além de 45 euros por uma reunião mensal. Treze conselheiros, que concentram uma maior carga horária no desempenho das tarefas políticas, têm gratificação de 350 euros por mês e participam das reuniões mensais e de visitas a creches e outras instituições públicas.
Na direção do Conselho, o vice-presidente, que duas vezes por mês deve tirar licença não remunerada do trabalho para participar de atividades políticas, recebe para isto uma compensação equivalente a cerca de 864 dólares mensais. John Johnsson, como presidente, trabalha uma vez por semana em tempo integral no Conselho, além de participar de visitas e reuniões adicionais. Entre a gratificação da Prefeitura e o ressarcimento pelos dias não trabalhados que seu empregador desconta do salário, Johnsson recebe 10 mil coroas suecas (cerca de 1,5 mil dólares) mensais. Como reitor de escola, seu salário é de 37 mil coroas suecas (aproximadamente 5,6 mil dólares) mensais.
”É claro que há pessoas que entram na política para fazer carreira, e há vários cargos políticos de prestígio em nosso país. Ministros e deputados federais ganham bons salários. Mas a maior parte dos políticos locais, cerca de 40 mil, não recebe salário. Penso que isto se deve à longa tradição que temos, na Suécia, de que os representantes políticos de cidadãos comuns devem ser cidadãos também comuns”, ele diz.
A motivação para exercer a política local sem contra-cheque é, segundo ele, a oportunidade de participar das decisões que determinam os rumos da comunidade.
”Também tenho aprendido muito. Tenho encontrado diversos líderes religiosos e conhecido suas religiões, tenho aprendido sobre como construir casas e como diferentes problemas sociais podem ser solucionados. Mas não tenho interesse na carreira política. Meu trabalho como professor é gratificante, e estou satisfeito com o emprego onde trabalho para pagar as minhas contas”.
Johnsson vive em um apartamento alugado, e lava suas roupas na lavanderia comunitária do prédio.
”Meus vizinhos no prédio são pessoas de baixa renda, a maioria deles imigrantes, e muitos são desempregados. E há uma coisa que os imigrantes têm dificuldade de entender: na Suécia, os políticos são proibidos de exigir favores ou interferir no trabalho da administração pública. Alguns imigrantes que não têm direito a receber determinados benefícios pensam que eu posso dar uma ordem à administração pública e dizer, ”conceda o benefício a essa pessoa”. Mas se eu fizer isto, serei denunciado à Prefeitura por interferência no trabalho da agência governamentala. Minha tarefa é determinar o montante de recursos que deve ser gasto na concessão de benefícios sociais, e as regras que devem ser aplicadas. Mas cabe à administração pública decidir como processar cada caso individual”.
Johnsson se refere a um princípio fundamental do sistema sueco: os órgãos políticos definem orçamentos e diretrizes gerais para a implementação de políticas públicas, mas cabe às agências governamentais desempenhar um papel vigoroso e soberano na execução de tais políticas públicas.
A cada ano, a Prefeitura encaminha a verba destinada ao Conselho Distrital de Jon Johnsson e informa, conforme as decisões tomadas pela Câmara Municipal, em que setores os recursos devem ser empregados. Cabe ao Conselho, por sua vez, decidir como distribuir os recursos, por exemplo, entre escolas e instituições locais.
”Mas não posso dizer a um diretor de escola, por exemplo, que ele deve aprovar este ou aquele aluno, ou como ele deve proceder. O Conselho tem o poder de decidir, por exemplo, que metas queremos que os nossos alunos alcancem, e se as escolas devem implementar aulas de língua chinesa. Não temos permissão, no entanto, para dizer que métodos as escolas devem usar para alcançar estes objetivos. Cada autoridade pública tem o direito de decidir, de forma independente, como deve realizar o seu trabalho”, enfatiza o presidente do Conselho, para acrescentar:
”Por isso, políticos suecos não podem dizer, ”se você votar em mim, lhe darei uma prótese de perna, ou isto ou aquilo”.
Tentativas de suborno, segundo Johnson, são raras.
”Recebi recentemente da igreja ortodoxa romena um pedido de permissão para construir uma igreja em nossa área, e quiseram me dar uma garrafa de um excelente vinho. Aceitar teria sido um crime.”
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